W. E. B. Du BoisThe Souls of Black Folk(1903) Essays - Free Essays

W. E. B. Du Bois'The Souls of Black Folk(1903) Essays - Free Essays W. E. B. Du Bois'The Souls of Black Folk(1903) is a fundamental work in African American writing and an American exemplary. In this work Du Bois suggests that the issue of the Twentieth Century is the issue of the shading line. His ideas of life behind the shroud of race and the subsequent twofold awareness, this feeling of continually taking a gander at one's self through the eyes of others, have become touchstones for pondering race in America. Notwithstanding these suffering concepts,Soulsoffers an evaluation of the advancement of the race, the obstructions to that progress, and the opportunities for future advancement as the country entered the twentieth century. Du Bois looks at the years promptly following the Civil War and, specifically, the Freedmen's Bureau's job in Reconstruction. The Bureau's disappointments were expected not exclusively to southern resistance and national disregard, yet additionally to blunder and courts that were one-sided for dark prosecutors. The Burea u had victories also, and its most significant commitment to advance was the establishing of African American schools. Since the finish of Reconstruction in 1876, Du Bois claims that the most huge occasion in African American history has been the ascent of the teacher, Booker T. Washington, to the job of representative for the race. Du Bois contends that Washington's way to deal with race relations is counterproductive to the drawn out advancement of the race. Washington's acknowledgment of isolation and his accentuation on material advancement speak to an old demeanor of modification and accommodation. Du Bois affirms that this approach has harmed African Americans by adding to the loss of the vote, the loss of common status, and the loss of help for organizations of advanced education. Du Bois demands that the option to cast a ballot, municipal correspondence, and the training of youth as indicated by capacity are fundamental for African American advancement. Du Bois relates his encounters as a teacher in rustic Tennessee, and afterward he directs his concentration toward an evaluate of American realism in the rising city of Atlanta where the resolute regard for picking up riches takes steps to supplant every single other thought. Regarding instruction, African Americans ought not be instructed only to gain cash. Or maybe, Du Bois contends there ought to be a harmony between the norms of lower preparing and the guidelines of human culture and elevated goals of life. basically, the African American school should prepare the Gifted Tenth who can thusly add to bring down instruction and furthermore go about as contacts in improving race relations. Du Bois comes back to an assessment of country African American existence with an introduction of Dougherty County, Georgia as illustrative of life in the southern Black Belt. He presents the history and current states of the region. Cotton is as yet the life-blood of the Black Belt economy, and barely any African Americans are getting a charge out of any monetary achievement. Du Bois portrays the lawful framework and occupant cultivating framework as just marginally expelled from subjection. He additionally inspects African American religion from its beginnings in African culture, through its advancement in servitude, to the arrangement of the Baptist and Methodist houses of worship. He contends that the investigation of Negro religion isn't just an essential piece of the historical backdrop of the Negro in America, yet no uninteresting piece of American history. He proceeds to look at the effect of bondage on profound quality. In the last parts of his book, Du Bois focuses on how racial bias effects people. He grieves the loss of his child, however he thinks about whether his child isn't in an ideal situation dead than experiencing childhood in a world overwhelmed by the shading line. Du Bois relates the account of Alexander Crummel, who battled against preference in his endeavors to turn into an Episcopal cleric. In Of the Coming of John, Du Bois presents the tale of a youthful dark man who accomplishes instruction. John's new information, nonetheless, places him at chances with a southern network, and he is decimated by bigotry. At last, Du Bois closes his book with a paper on African American spirituals. These tunes have created from their African inceptions into ground-breaking articulations of the distress, agony, and outcast that portray the African American experience. For Du Bois, these tunes exist not just as the sole American music,

Management and Competence free essay sample

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The Link Between Soft Drinks and Aggression in Children

The Link Between Soft Drinks and Aggression in Children Theories Behavioral Psychology Print The Link Between Soft Drinks and Aggression in Children By Amy Morin, LCSW facebook twitter instagram Amy Morin, LCSW, is a psychotherapist, author of the bestselling book 13 Things Mentally Strong People Dont Do, and a highly sought-after speaker. Learn about our editorial policy Amy Morin, LCSW Updated on May 02, 2019 GJI/Jamie Grill/Blend Images/Getty Images More in Theories Behavioral Psychology Cognitive Psychology Developmental Psychology Personality Psychology Social Psychology Biological Psychology Psychosocial Psychology To some parents, the idea that soda could lead to aggressive behavior in kids may sound a bit far fetched. After all, can a beverage really cause your child to physically attack someone? Well, studies indicate theres a clear link between aggressive behavior and soft drink consumption in children.??? The Health Problems Associated Soft Drinks Americans have some of the highest consumption rates of soda per capita worldwide. And many of those individuals consuming soda are very young children.?? Over the years, there has been a big push to eliminate soft drinks from school vending machines and to educate parents about the risks associated with sugary drinks. Physicians and nutritionists have made it clear that soda provides children with empty calories and contributes to childhood obesity. Dentists advise parents not to let children drink soda as well. Sugary drinks arent good for childrens teeth and may  cause cavities. Most soft drinks also contain caffeine. Caffeine can cause headaches, upset stomach, jitteriness, and sleep problems. It’s also been associated with some behavioral problems and nervous system disorders. In children, it doesn’t take much caffeine to produce effects. The American Academy of Pediatrics discourages caffeine intake for kids of all ages. The Behavior Problems Associated With Soft Drinks If the health problems aren’t enough to dissuade parents from giving kids soda, the behavior problems associated with soft drinks might be a deterrent. A 2013 study published in The Journal of Pediatrics found that aggression, withdrawal behavior, and attention problems are linked to soft drink consumption in young children.?? The researchers assessed 3,000 5-year-old children from 20 different U.S. cities. Even after adjusting for factors such as maternal depression, paternal incarceration, and domestic  violence, soft drink consumption was still linked to aggressive behavior. Children who drank four or more soft drinks per day were more than twice as likely to destroy other peoples belongings, get into fights, and physically attack people.?? Potential Reasons for the Link Between Soft Drink and Aggression It’s unclear why soda consumption was associated with more behavior problems. Since soft drinks are highly processed, researchers suspect ingredients such as aspartame or phosphoric acid may be linked to behavior problems. Caffeine has also been linked to some behavior problems in children, so researchers suspect the caffeine content may play a role. High soda intake may also affect blood glucose levels. Low blood glucose may cause children to crave soda, while also causing them to become withdrawn or aggressive.?? The Dangers of Soft Drink Consumption and Older Children Studies have also linked behavioral and emotional problems in teens to soft drink consumption. A 2013 study published in the International Journal of Injury Control and Safety Promotion linked soft drink consumption to aggression, depression, and suicidal behavior in adolescents.?? The more soda teens drank, the more likely they were to be in a physical fight. In addition, they were more likely to feel sad or hopeless and to report suicidal thoughts or behavior.?? Could Your Child’s Behavior Stem From Soft Drinks? If your child drinks soda, aggression and other negative behavior issues may be linked to their soft drink consumption. Eliminating soda from your child’s diet may improve their behavior.  In addition to better behavior, cutting out soda will have health benefits as well. In addition to eliminating soft drinks, don’t allow your child to consume energy drinks. The American Academy of Pediatrics discourages children from drinking energy drinks. Many of them contain stimulants like guarana and taurine, as well as massive amounts of caffeine. If your child is aggressive, eliminating soft drinks could be one step in a comprehensive behavior management plan. Your child may need to learn new skills, such as impulse control and conflict resolution. Negative consequences, like time-out and restitution, can reduce aggressive behavior.  But, consequences and discipline need to be consistent. Reward systems and praise can also be healthy ways to promote pro-social behavior. Token economy systems can be especially effective in reducing aggressive behavior. If you’re struggling to manage your child’s aggression, or your discipline strategies aren’t working, talk to your child’s doctor. Your child’s pediatrician may assess him for behavior disorders or mental health issues and you may be referred to a professional who can help you find the most effective discipline strategies to manage your child’s behavior.

Euthanasia Your Right to Die - 632 Words

Today there are five to ten thousand comatose patients in long term care facilities (Wheeler A1). There are countless elderly people in care facilities that have repeatedly expressed a desire to die. There are countless terminally ill patients that have also begged for death. Should these people be allowed to die, or should they be forced to keep on living? This question has plagued ethicists and physicians throughout the years. In the Netherlands, courts have begun to permit the administration of lethal injections to terminally ill patients (Jacoby 101). To many people, this is a barbaric practice. To others, it is the only humane thing to do. When a person is dying of a terminal illness with no hope of recovery, that person†¦show more content†¦One of the controversies over the right to die is: who should choose? If the patient is comatose or is unable to make rational judgements, should the doctor or a family member be permitted to make the final decision? If family members were allowed to make the decision Right to Life advocates claim, a family member could get away with the murder of a relative just because that person cant make up their own mind. Right to Death advocates have a simple answer to this problem. Every person should have a Living Will which simply states that that person wishes death if they are fatally injured or become terminally ill. A Living Will would permit people to make th eir own decisions about life and death with no possibility of being misunderstood. Today, Holland has legal euthanasia where an estimate for the figures for deaths from active euthanasia would be in the range of six to eighteen thousand deaths (Moody 712). This number may seem horrible to some, but to others, it simply means another six to eighteen thousand people who are no longer suffering. I do not know why the Advocates for the Right to Life insist on keeping people who are suffering alive, but I do know that they have no right to dictate to a person whether or not they have the right to die. I can understand the concern of these people that euthanasia might be used for unethical killings, such as theShow MoreRelatedEuthanasia Essay1508 Words   |  7 PagesEuthanasia: The Liberty to Die With Dignity The Pro-Life Alliance defines Euthanasia as: â€Å"Any action or omission intended to end the life of a patient on the grounds that his or her life is not worth living.† (ProCon.org). So the question stands, should an individual who is terminally ill, is in unbearable pain, can no longer function independently, who feels their life is so intolerable that it is no longer worth living, and who is of sound mind, be permitted the right to end their own life? CanadaRead MoreEuthanasia Is Not An Acceptable Form Of Euthanasia1556 Words   |  7 Pagesof patients by physicians, whether called â€Å"active euthanasia† or simply â€Å"euthanasia,† is a topic of long-standing controversy† (Mappes, Zembaty, and DeGrazia 59). â€Å"Although active euthanasia is presently illegal in all fifty states and the District of Columbia, proposals for its legalization have been recurrently advanced. Most commonly, these proposals call for the legalization of active euthanasia. There are some who consider active euthanasia in any form intrinsically immoral and, for this reasonRead MoreEuthanasia . Your Elderly Grandmother Had Recently Contracted1094 Words   |  5 PagesEuthanasia Your elderly grandmother had recently contracted a ruthless disease which rendered her terminally ill. She has now only have a few weeks left of life but she is considering the option of euthanasia as an ultimatum for the near future. She wishes to die with dignity but most of her family members don’t support her. Would you? Voluntary euthanasia has to be legalised because not only do humans have the right to live, they also have the right to die. There are numerous arguments as toRead MoreSiya Kumar. Dying With Dignity. . Imagine Yourself With1360 Words   |  6 Pageshas been confirmed that you will die in a few months, and there is nothing that can be done to change that. You have two options- you can wait to die a natural but terrifyingly painful death where you lose your eyesight, burn the hair off your scalp and become paralyzed without the ability to walk, or you can die peacefully in the company of your friends and family. Which would you choose? â€Å"I am not suicidal. I do not want to die. But I am dying. And I want to die on my own terms.† These were theRead MoreShould Euthanasia or Assisted Suicide Be Legalized in Canada?1486 Words   |  6 PagesEuthanasia, formally known as mercy killing, is the act of intentionally causing the painless death of a sick person, rather than allowin g that person to die naturally. In terms of a physicians actions, it can be passive in that a physician plays no direct role in the death of the person or it can be active in that the physician does something directly to cause the death (Yount, 2002). Euthanasia may also be formed into three types of act, which are voluntary, involuntary, and nonvoluntary. VoluntaryRead MoreThe Conflicting Ethics With The Right1540 Words   |  7 PagesThe Conflicting Ethics with the right to die Adam Kaplinsky Wilmington University What do you do if you have a patient that is in deep pain and has been given a terminal prognosis? You look into the face of this patient and see someone who is weak and unable to take care of him or herself grimacing in pain. The patient knows the prognosis, which is not good, and he or she realizes at this point that their condition will only worsen. The next step is death, but that could take a while, and in theRead MoreShould Euthanasia Be Legal? Essay1449 Words   |  6 Pages Euthanasia: The Right to Die Euthanasia is a concept that has been around for a very long time. It has been practiced since ancient Greece. We all have different opinions towards it; some of us might be for it and others against it. In most parts of the world Euthanasia is illegal. Many countries have denied the right to euthanasia, but is that fair and ethical? It is the painless killing of a patient’s agony from an incurable and painful disease. Euthanasia should be legalRead MoreEuthanasia Should Be Legalized For Terminally Ill People1064 Words   |  5 PagesThe word euthanasia has a Greek meaning â€Å"the good death. On the other hand, in the society today, there are deeper and more meanings to euthanasia than before. Voluntary euthanasia concerns itself with the consent of the person to die through the assistance of others. Voluntary euthanasia can be divided into two areas: passive voluntary witch is holding back medical treatment with the patient’s request, active voluntary killing the patient at that patient s request informing the assistant on howRead MoreEuthanasia Should Be Legalized Out Of Compassion For Those Slowly And Painfully Dying1616 Words   |  7 Pagesagony, both physical and mental, be forced to continue living? Euthanasia is a term derived from the Greek, â€Å"eu,† meaning good, and, â€Å"thanos,† meaning death. It is the act of mercifully putting to death painlessly. Euthanasia should be legalized out of compassion for those slowly and painfully dying. The following arguments show the benefits of Euthanasia. It will end the suffering of patients, it will give the patient the right to die, it will legally regulate euthanasia’s use, it will lower healthRead MoreThe Controversial Issue Of Euthanasia1150 Words   |  5 PagesEuthanasia should not be legalised in Australia. Good morning 10C and Ms Leoni, Today I am here to talk about the controversial issue of euthanasia. This year, the Greens party has planned to introduce a ‘Rights of the Terminally Ill’ bill into state parliament. This has raised the issue of whether or not euthanasia should be legalised in Australia. Euthanasia is the practice of ending a person’s life in order to release them from an incurable disease or intolerable suffering. There are two types

Unanswered Problems With Essay on Elderly Revealed

Unanswered Problems With Essay on Elderly Revealed The Birth of Essay on Elderly Assisting patients to satisfy their hygiene needs is a vital part of nursing care (Baillie 2005). The matching of risks that's usually undertaken in respect to the aged population and the many benefits related to drug therapies again develop into a very demanding issue for the wellness prescribers. The vulnerability of the elderly is one of the chief reasons why they appear to get neglected and abused, particularly in the privacy of their nursing homes. Summary Lack of education and job opportunities is also a significant cause for those who are homeless. If you're a concerned relative or friend, it's important to monitor your loved one for signals of abuse. Betrayal hurts and there's no fast and effortless approach to heal from its affects. Criminal Activity An issue that appears to go together with homelessness is criminal activity. There are several sorts of elder abuse which cause a negative effect on the human being. Also, note down the vital points which you think will assist you in writing an essay. Naturally, there are a few descriptive terms and phrases that might be insulting. You know they say if you wish to acquire new understanding of the specific question you should write a paper. Your language of essay has to be easy and understandable. Bulk of elderly folks are carried to the nursing homes where they're left without enough care or given last priority in regard to health care requirements and the diet plan. They are a vulnerable population for many reasons. They are precious. They love to share. Many people believe that it would be too much work to select the time to go to a nursing home, or they fear that it's going to be boring or depressing. Normally, old folks need assistance and someone should interest them. Nowadays, they need a home because they can not live alone. For numerous reasons, a lot of people decide to place their parents in a retirement house. The Unexpected Truth About Essay on Elderly The body of the essay contains all of the work done on that specific subject. Generally, it requires a research on the topic and different thoughts. This essay will attempt to understand about the exact same feeling for the elderly. Do an excellent essay map to begin thinking about ambition. Studies have found that 60 percent of elderly folks are abused throughout the world. In the majority of states, unexplained deaths must have an autopsy performed. The very first phase of the census mainly involves creating awareness of the census and educating the individuals of the nation for what census is about and its importance. There are three major phases of population census. If you've ever been betrayed, you can't change what has happened to you or create the pain go away. Literature can likewise be obtained from clinicians that are also known to comprehend the vulnerability of the elderly population. Because of large volumes and comprehensive assessment, essay correction often requires a week. How to compose a very good graduate admissions essay pmr. Top Essay on Elderly Secrets Race seems to be branded by some stereotypes, which might be polite or inappropriate thinking about the individual race. You should respect an elderly requirements and wants, since they don't have a lot of time left to live. The biological sense of unique races may seem to be the exact same. Thus, the biological sense behind different races might not be applicable.

Hangover Movie Review Free Essays

I haven’t laughed this hard at a movie in a long time. When I saw this movie in theater for the first time I came out with my face hurting I was laughing so much. Everything about this movie just clicked. We will write a custom essay sample on Hangover Movie Review or any similar topic only for you Order Now Perfect cast with great chemistry, great direction, great music, and most importantly a fun script with hilarious dialogue and characters. The movie starts where its two days before Doug’s wedding, himself and his three friends drive to Las Vegas for a crazy bachelor party they’ll never forget. But, in fact, when the three groomsmen wake up the next morning, they can’t remember a thing. For some reason, they find a tiger in the bathroom, and a six-month-old baby in the closet of their suite at Caesars Palace. The one thing they can’t find is Doug, the groom. With no clue as to what happened that night and little time to spare, the three of them must retrace their steps and all their bad decisions in order to figure out where things went wrong and hopefully get Doug back to L. A. in time to walk down the aisle. The four main actors in this movie are; Bradley Cooper as Phil Wenneck, the groom’s best friend, a school teacher who is bored with married life. Ed Helms as Dr. Stuart â€Å"Stu† Price, a dentist stuck in a bad relationship, friend of the groom. Zach Galifianakis as Alan Garner, the socially awkward, soon to be brother-in-law of the groom, and Justin Bartha as Doug Billings, the soon-to-be groom. I personally think that they all did a great job acting out their characters personality and made everything work quite smooth. The movie followed a regular predictable story line, it was very easy for me to predict what was going to happen next. It was very easy to watch the lighting was perfect, and the director, Todd Phillips did a great job with all the shots. The movies music was composed by Christopher Beck. The movie had a few featured artists in this film, such as Kanye West, The Donnas, Usher, T. I. , Mickey Avalon and The Dan Band. For the closing credits the song â€Å"Right Round† by Flo Rida was played. The Hangover might not appeal to those seeking a more disciplined, focused comedy, but the film represents the best of what comedy can provide — pure, unadulterated, slaphappy entertainment. And there’s nothing wrong with that. How to cite Hangover Movie Review, Essay examples

Nathaniel Hawthornes Young Goodman Brown Essay Example

Nathaniel Hawthornes Young Goodman Brown Paper Nathaniel Hawthornes Young Goodman Brown is an absolutely great story. The story tells about one boys distinctive horrific trip through the forest in which he cant decide if it was just a story and it was false or if this journey into the forest actually happened. Young Goodman Browns evil experience about traveling into the woods seems to be some type of a visual symbolic meaning expressed through a dream. When Hawthorne says in the first paragraph of the story when the wife says, prithee put off your journey until sunrise and sleeping your own bed tonight. (Hawthorne, p. 294) would make it seem like he didnt leave for his actual journey into the forest and that it actually might have been a dream inspired by the devil but later on in his next few sentences when Goodman says What a wretch am I to leave her on such an errandafter this one night Ill cling to her skirts and follow her to heaven (Hawthorne, p. 294). Goodman left his wife that night on his journey, so he did leave but he could have fallen asleep in the forest on a break. We will write a custom essay sample on Nathaniel Hawthornes Young Goodman Brown specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Nathaniel Hawthornes Young Goodman Brown specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Nathaniel Hawthornes Young Goodman Brown specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Goodmans journey wasnt a dream vision telling him the truth about human nature. But a vision different from what hes used to seeing, the vision is simply him realizing that everybody isnt a good person. Being in the jungle and by it being dark, creepy, wild and full of different creatures it gives Goodman a different look at the world and what might be lurking deep in the forest. He simply feels that his choice between staying at home and going on his journey may have been a choice between good and evil. Goodmans journey is a symbolic acting out of his own paranoid fears and suspicions about others. The journey through the forest was his faith being tested between the godly and the ungodly and where will we go when we die which surfaces when the dark figure says, welcome my children, to the communion of your race, (Hawthorne, p. 300). The first sense of paranoia from Goodman is when he says to himself, There may be a devilish Indian behind every tree, as he looked behind himself fearfully saying what if the devil himself should be at my very elbow. this indicates that he was some what paranoid. Goodman was already shaken up and some what paranoid having evil thoughts, he could have just went into the woods and had taken a nap on the journey and his paranoia stimulated a bad dream about previous thoughts stemmed from previous thoughts. Goodmans thoughts about people going to hell for cheating on their spouse insinuates that he holds some form of regret about something in his relationship that he thinks he will be held accountable for that may send him to hell when he dies. When the family knelt down at prayer he scowled and muttered to himself, and gazed sternly at his wife and turned away. (Hawthorne, p. 302) relates to some form of regret or guilty conscience of not being able to look someone in the eyes or even in the face when they know they had done wrong. Hawthornes vision of evil in this story is his own vision everyones view on evil is not the same his view was a hidden type of evil that has not surfaced all the way. Goodman was basically terrified of the though of being in the forest alone on a journey from dusk to dawn had frightened him. Anything couldve happened to him Goodman could have died and his fear got the best of him.

Free Essays on SWOT Cisco Systems Inc

Cisco Systems, Inc. GENERAL INFORMATION In the late 1970’s two Stanford university sweethearts created the first router out of frustration. Sandra Lerner of the Business Department, and Leonard Bosack, of the Computer Science Department wanted to send love letter to each other via the University computer system e-mail. Unfortunately their respective departments used different computer networks, so they created the first router, a way to connect the two local area networks. This initial creation of Cisco was formed as an emergent strategy, which is an unplanned response to unforeseen circumstances. In 1984, Leonard and Sandy started the company on a tight budget by financing it on the credit cards, and mortgaging their home. In February 1990, after approaching nearly eighty venture capitalists, Cisco went public. Soon after, seven of the upper management vice presidents went to John Morgridge, the company’s new president and CEO, and gave an ultimatum: either Lerner left or they would leave. So on August 28th, Sandra Lerner was asked to leave the company. Right afterwards Bosack quit. In 1994, Cisco introduced the â€Å"Cisco Connection online† which customers could find out anything regarding their products, from the status of an order to customer support. Today, Cisco Systems, inc. is the worldwide leader in networking for the Internet. Cisco’s Internet protocol based networking solutions are the foundation of the Internet and most corporate, education, and government networks around the world. Virtually all message or transactions sent over the Internet are carried quickly and securely through Cisco equipment. Cisco Systems develops, markets, and support high performance multi-protocol internetworking systems, which link geographically, dispersed LANs and WANs. It produces Internet software and network management software which enables various network services to include connectivity, security, and inte... Free Essays on SWOT Cisco Systems Inc Free Essays on SWOT Cisco Systems Inc Cisco Systems, Inc. GENERAL INFORMATION In the late 1970’s two Stanford university sweethearts created the first router out of frustration. Sandra Lerner of the Business Department, and Leonard Bosack, of the Computer Science Department wanted to send love letter to each other via the University computer system e-mail. Unfortunately their respective departments used different computer networks, so they created the first router, a way to connect the two local area networks. This initial creation of Cisco was formed as an emergent strategy, which is an unplanned response to unforeseen circumstances. In 1984, Leonard and Sandy started the company on a tight budget by financing it on the credit cards, and mortgaging their home. In February 1990, after approaching nearly eighty venture capitalists, Cisco went public. Soon after, seven of the upper management vice presidents went to John Morgridge, the company’s new president and CEO, and gave an ultimatum: either Lerner left or they would leave. So on August 28th, Sandra Lerner was asked to leave the company. Right afterwards Bosack quit. In 1994, Cisco introduced the â€Å"Cisco Connection online† which customers could find out anything regarding their products, from the status of an order to customer support. Today, Cisco Systems, inc. is the worldwide leader in networking for the Internet. Cisco’s Internet protocol based networking solutions are the foundation of the Internet and most corporate, education, and government networks around the world. Virtually all message or transactions sent over the Internet are carried quickly and securely through Cisco equipment. Cisco Systems develops, markets, and support high performance multi-protocol internetworking systems, which link geographically, dispersed LANs and WANs. It produces Internet software and network management software which enables various network services to include connectivity, security, and inte...

War of 1812 - Fighting in 1813

War of 1812 - Fighting in 1813 1812: Surprises at Sea Ineptitude on Land | War of 1812: 101 | 1814: Advances in the North A Capital Burned Assessing the Situation In the wake of the failed campaigns of 1812, newly re-elected President James Madison was forced to reassess the strategic situation along the Canadian border. In the Northwest, Major General William Henry Harrison had replaced the disgraced Brigadier General William Hull and was tasked with re-taking Detroit. Diligently training his men, Harrison was checked at the River Raisin and unable to advance without American control of Lake Erie. Elsewhere, New England remained reluctant to play an active role in supporting the war effort making a campaign against Quebec an unlikely prospect. As a result, it was decided to focus American efforts for 1813 on achieving victory on Lake Ontario and the Niagara frontier. Success on this front also required control of the lake. To this end, Captain Isaac Chauncey had been dispatched to Sackets Harbor, NY in 1812 for the purpose of constructing a fleet on Lake Ontario. It was believed that victory in and around Lake Ontario would cut off Upper Cana da and open the way for an attack on Montreal. The Tide Turns at Sea Having achieved stunning success over the Royal Navy in a series of ship-to-ship actions in 1812, the small US Navy sought to continue its run of good form by attacking British merchant ships and remaining on the offensive. To this end, the frigate USS Essex (46 guns) under Captain David Porter, patrolled the South Atlantic scooping up prizes in late 1812, before rounding Cape Horn in January 1813. Seeking to strike the British whaling fleet in the Pacific, Porter arrived at Valparaiso, Chile in March. For the remainder of the year, Porter cruised with great success and inflicted heavy losses on British shipping. Returning to Valparaiso in January 1814, he was blockaded by the British frigate HMS Phoebe (36) and sloop of war HMS Cherub (18). Fearing that additional British ships were en route, Porter attempted to break out on March 28. As Essex exited the harbor, it lost its main topmast in a freak squall. With his ship damaged, Porter was unable to return to port and soon brought to action by the British. Standing off Essex, which was largely armed with short-range carronades, the British pounded Porters ship with their long guns for over two hours ultimately forcing him to surrender. Among those captured on board was young Midshipman David G. Farragut who would later lead the Union Navy during the Civil War. While Porter was enjoying success in the Pacific, the British blockade began to tighten along the American coast keeping many of the US Navys heavy frigates in port. While the effectiveness of the US Navy was hampered, hundreds of American privateers preyed upon British shipping. During the course of the war, they captured between 1,175 and 1,554 British ships. One ship that was at sea early in 1813 was Master Commandant James Lawrences brig USS Hornet (20). On February 24, he engaged and captured the brig HMS Peacock (18) off the coast of South America. Returning home, Lawrence was promoted to captain and given command of the frigate USS Chesapeake (50) at Boston. Completing repairs to ship, Lawrence prepared to put to sea in late May. This was hastened by the fact that only one British ship, the frigate HMS Shannon (52), was blockading the harbor. Commanded by Captain Philip Broke, Shannon was a crack ship with a highly trained crew. Eager to engage the American, Broke issued a cha llenge to Lawrence to meet him in battle. This proved unnecessary as Chesapeake emerged from the harbor on June 1. Possessing a larger, but greener crew, Lawrence sought to continue the US Navys streak of victories. Opening fire, the two ships battered each other before coming together. Ordering his men to prepare to board Shannon, Lawrence was mortally wounded. Falling, his last words were reputedly, Dont give up the Ship! Fight her till she sinks. Despite this encouragement, the raw American sailors were quickly overwhelmed by Shannons crew and Chesapeake was soon captured. Taken to Halifax, it was repaired and saw service in the Royal Navy until being sold in 1820. We Have Met the Enemy... As American naval fortunes were turning at sea, a naval building race was underway on the shores of Lake Erie. In an attempt to regain naval superiority on the lake, the US Navy began construction of two 20-gun brigs at Presque Isle, PA (Erie, PA). In March 1813, the new commander of American naval forces on Lake Erie, Master Commandant Oliver H. Perry, arrived at Presque Isle. Assessing his command, he found that there was a general shortage of supplies and men. While diligently overseeing the construction of the two brigs, named USS Lawrence and USS Niagara, Perry traveled to Lake Ontario in May 1813, to secure additional seamen from Chauncey. While there, he collected several gunboats for use on Lake Erie. Departing from Black Rock, he was nearly intercepted by the new British commander on Lake Erie, Commander Robert H. Barclay. A veteran of Trafalgar, Barclay had arrived at the British base of Amherstburg, Ontario on June 10. Though both sides were hampered by supply issues they worked through the summer to complete their fleets with Perry finishing his two brigs and Barclay commissioning the 19-gun ship HMS Detroit. Having gained naval superiority, Perry was able to cut the British supply lines to Amherstburg forcing Barclay to seek battle. Departing Put-in-Bay on September 10, Perry maneuvered to engage the British squadron. Commanding from Lawrence, Perry flew a large battle flag emblazoned with his friends dying command, Dont Give Up the Ship! In the resulting Battle of Lake Erie, Perry won a stunning victory that saw bitter fighting and the American commander compelled to switch ships midway through the engagement. Capturing the entire British squadron, Perry sent a brief dispatch to Harrison announcing, We have met the enemy and they are ours. 1812: Surprises at Sea Ineptitude on Land | War of 1812: 101 | 1814: Advances in the North A Capital Burned 1812: Surprises at Sea Ineptitude on Land | War of 1812: 101 | 1814: Advances in the North A Capital Burned Victory in the Northwest As Perry was constructing his fleet through the first part of 1813, Harrison was on the defensive in western Ohio. Constructing a major base at Fort Meigs, he repelled an attack led by Major General Henry Proctor and Tecumseh in May. A second attack was turned back in July as well as one against Fort Stephenson (August 1). Building his army, Harrison was ready to go on the offensive in September following Perrys victory on the lake. Moving forward with his Army of the Northwest, Harrison sent 1,000 mounted troops overland to Detroit while the bulk of his infantry was transported there by Perrys fleet. Recognizing the danger of his situation, Proctor abandoned Detroit, Fort Malden, and Amherstburg and began retreating east (Map). Retaking Detroit, Harrison began pursuing the retreating British. With Tecumseh arguing against falling back, Proctor finally turned to make a stand along the Thames River near Moraviantown. Approaching on October 5, Harrison assaulted Proctors position during the Battle of the Thames. In the fighting, the British position was shattered and Tecumseh killed. Overwhelmed, Proctor and a few of his men fled while the majority were captured by Harrisons army. One of the few clear cut American victories of the conflict, the Battle of the Thames effectively won the war in the Northwest for the United States. With Tecumseh dead, the threat of Native American attacks subsided and Harrison concluded an armistice with several tribes at Detroit. Burning a Capital In preparation for the main American push at Lake Ontario, Major General Henry Dearborn was ordered to position 3,000 men at Buffalo for a strike against Forts Erie and George as well as 4,000 men at Sackets Harbor. This second force was to attack Kingston at the upper outlet of the lake. Success on both fronts would sever the lake from Lake Erie and the St. Lawrence River. At Sackets Harbor, Chauncey had rapidly constructed a fleet that had wrested naval superiority away from his British counterpart, Captain Sir James Yeo. The two naval officers would conduct a building war for the remainder of the conflict. Though several naval engagements were fought, neither was willing to risk their fleet in a decisive action. Meeting at Sackets Harbor, Dearborn and Chauncey began to have misgivings about the Kingston operation despite the fact that the objective was only thirty miles away. While Chauncey fretted about possible ice around Kingston, Dearborn was concerned about the size of the Br itish garrison. Instead of striking at Kingston, the two commanders instead elected to conduct a raid against York, Ontario (present-day Toronto). Though of minimal strategic value, York was the capital of Upper Canada and Chauncey had intelligence that two brigs were under construction there. Departing on April 25, Chaunceys ships carried Dearborns troops across the lake to York. Under the direct control of Brigadier General Zebulon Pike, these troops landed on April 27. Opposed by forces under Major General Roger Sheaffe, Pike succeeded in taking the town after a sharp fight. As the British retreated, they detonated their powder magazine killing numerous Americans including Pike. In the wake of the fighting, American troops began looting the town and burned the Parliament Building. After occupying the town for a week, Chauncey and Dearborn withdrew. While a victory, the attack on York did little to alter the strategic outlook on the lake and behavior of the American forces would influence British actions the following year. Triumph and Defeat Along the Niagara Following the York operation, Secretary of War John Armstrong chastised Dearborn for failing to accomplish anything of strategic value and blamed him for Pikes death. In response, Dearborn and Chauncey began shifting troops south for an assault on Fort George in late May. Alerted to this fact, Yeo and the Governor General of Canada, Lieutenant General Sir George Prevost, made immediate plans to attack Sackets Harbor while American forces were occupied along the Niagara. Departing Kingston, they landed outside of the town on May 29 and moved to destroy the shipyard and Fort Tompkins. These operations were quickly disrupted by a mixed regular and militia force led by Brigadier General Jacob Brown of the New York militia. Surrounding the British beachhead, his men poured heavy fire into Prevosts troops and compelled them to withdraw. For his part in the defense, Brown was offered a brigadier generals commission in the regular army. At the other end of the lake, Dearborn and Chauncey moved forward with their attack on Fort George. Again delegating operational command, this time to Colonel Winfield Scott, Dearborn watched as American troops conducted an early morning amphibious assault on May 27. This was supported by a force of dragoons crossing the Niagara River upstream at Queenston which was tasked with cutting off the British line of retreat to Fort Erie. Clashing with Brigadier General John Vincents troops outside of the fort, the Americans succeeded in driving off the British with the aid of naval gunfire support from Chaunceys ships. Forced to surrender the fort and with the route south blocked, Vincent abandoned his posts on the Canadian side of the river and retreated west. As a result, American troops crossed the river and occupied Fort Erie (Map). 1812: Surprises at Sea Ineptitude on Land | War of 1812: 101 | 1814: Advances in the North A Capital Burned 1812: Surprises at Sea Ineptitude on Land | War of 1812: 101 | 1814: Advances in the North A Capital Burned Having lost the dynamic Scott to a broken collarbone, Dearborn ordered Brigadier Generals William Winder and John Chandler west to pursue Vincent. Political appointees, neither possessed significant military experience. On June 5/6, Vincent counterattacked at the Battle of Stoney Creek and succeeded in capturing both generals. On the lake, Chaunceys fleet had departed for Sackets Harbor only to be replaced by Yeos. Threatened from the lake, Dearborn lost his nerve and ordered a withdrawal to a perimeter around Fort George. The situation worsened on June 24, when an American force under Lieutenant Colonel Charles Boerstler was crushed at the Battle of Beaver Dams. For his weak performance, Dearborn was recalled on July 6 and replaced with Major General James Wilkinson. Failure on the St. Lawrence Generally disliked by most officers in US Army for his prewar intrigues in Louisiana, Wilkinson was instructed by Armstrong to strike at Kingston before moving down the St. Lawrence. In doing so he was to link up with forces advancing north from Lake Champlain under Major General Wade Hampton. This combined force would in turn attack Montreal. After stripping the Niagara frontier of most of its troops, Wilkinson prepared to move out. Finding that Yeo had concentrated his fleet at Kingston, he decided to make only a feint in that direction before advancing down the river. To the east, Hampton began moving north toward the border. His advance was hampered by the recent loss of naval superiority on Lake Champlain. This forced him to swing west to the headwaters of the Chateauguay River. Moving downstream, he crossed the border with around 4,200 men after the New York militia refused to leave the country. Opposing Hampton was Lieutenant Colonel Charles de Salaberry who possessed a mixed force of around 1,500 men. Occupying a strong position approximately fifteen miles below the St. Lawrence, de Salaberrys men fortified their line and waited for the Americans. Arriving on October 25, Hampton surveyed the British position and attempted to flank it. In a minor engagement known as the Battle of the Chateauguay, these efforts were repulsed. Believing the British force to be larger than it was, Hampton broke off the action and returned south. Moving forward, Wilkinsons 8,000-men force left Sackets Harbor on October 17. In poor health and taking heavy doses of laudanum, Wilkinson pushed downstream with Brown leading his vanguard. His force was pursued by an 800-man British force led by Lieutenant Colonel Joseph Morrison. Tasked with delaying Wilkinson so additional troops could reach Montreal, Morrison proved an effective annoyance to the Americans. Tired of Morrison, Wilkinson dispatched 2,000 men under Brigadier General John Boyd to attack the British. Striking on November 11, they assaulted the British lines at the Battle of Cryslers Farm. Repulsed, Boyds men were soon counterattacked and driven from the field. Despite this defeat, Wilkinson pressed on toward Montreal. Reaching the mouth of the Salmon River and having learned that Hampton had retreated, Wilkinson abandoned the campaign, re-crossed the river, and went into winter quarters at French Mills, NY. The winter saw Wilkinson and Hampton exchange letters with Arm strong over who was to blame for the campaigns failure. A Dismal End As the American thrust towards Montreal was coming to an end, the situation on the Niagara frontier reached a crisis. Stripped of troops for Wilkinsons expedition, Brigadier General George McClure decided to abandon Fort George in early December after learning that Lieutenant General George Drummond was approaching with British troops. Retiring across the river to Fort Niagara, his men burned the village of Newark, ON before departing. Moving into Fort George, Drummond began preparations to assault Fort Niagara. This moved forward on December 19 when his forces overwhelmed the forts small garrison. Outraged over the burning of Newark, British troops moved south and razed Black Rock and Buffalo on December 30. While 1813 had started with great hope and promise for the Americans, the campaigns on the Niagara and St. Lawrence frontiers met with failure similar to those of the year before. As in 1812, the smaller British forces had proved adept campaigners and the Canadians showed a willingness to fight to protect their homes rather than throw off the yoke of British rule. Only in the Northwest and Lake Erie did American forces achieve an undisputed victory. While the triumphs of Perry and Harrison helped bolster national morale, they occurred in arguably the least important theater of the war as victory on Lake Ontario or the St. Lawrence would have caused British forces around Lake Erie to whither on the vine. Forced to endure another long winter, the American public was subjected to a tightening blockade and the threat of increased British strength in the spring as the Napoleonic Wars neared an end. 1812: Surprises at Sea Ineptitude on Land | War of 1812: 101 | 1814: Advances in the North A Capital Burned

Public health Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2750 words

Public health - Assignment Example In both developed and developing countries, non-governmental organizations and local health systems have done their best in playing an essential role of preventing diseases infecting individuals. In developing countries, there is a low level of preventing diseases and medical care since there is no adequate and effective training of health workers. There are also no enough and appropriate resources which can help in providing quality health services. This is because there extremely high poverty levels hence no good health services provision (Hall, 1998). Therefore, this has led to many deaths in many developing countries due to inappropriate health measures. In dealing with residential age care, many developing countries in relation to health matters, have not taken into consideration and effectively act upon that issue. In most continents, especially in developed countries, different theoretical approaches have been developed to effectively deal with the issue of health policy agenda setting. For example, two models namely politics and social have been developed in tackling the issue of health oppression. In many countries in different continents, governments use their agencies in tackling the issue of public health. They normally use ministries of health in drawing effective strategies in dealing with health problems among individuals in their respective countries. In dealing with global health issue, a universal international agency has been established in order to deal with health issues. The World Health Organization coordinates and acts upon health issues internationally. This agency has largely helped many countries, especially t he developing ones, in encountering and dealing with health issues in their countries. In public policy agenda setting, an effective field of inquiry has been well-developed and established. A little organized and systematic

Coping with Stress - Model 3 SLP (Stress Management) Essay

Coping with Stress - Model 3 SLP (Stress Management) - Essay Example The information gathered from this source will help in developing a program that comprehensively addresses the need of the audience. Vagg,P.R., Spielberger, C.D. & Wasala, C.F. â€Å"Effects of Organizational Level and Gender on Stress in the Workplace.† International Journal of Stress Management 9:4 (2002): 243-261. Print. This article analyzes the effect of stress at the workplace with respect to organizational level and gender. The study revealed that employees working at higher levels in the organization experienced stress while making critical decisions and handling crisis situations when compared to those employees who worked at lower levels. The stress levels among male employees where strongly related to their fears about their role in the power structure within the organization. Among women, the stress levels were strongly related to factors that led to managing their job and family responsibilities. The information in this article will help formulate an educational p rogram that addresses the gender specific needs with respect to stress management. Coping Strategies for Stress Management Buchwald, Petra. Stress and Anxiety: Application to Health, Work Place, Community, and Education. United Kingdom: Cambridge Scholars Publishing, 2006. Print. A section of this book provides information on coping strategies within the community.

Journalist Freedom Contempt

Journalist Freedom Contempt Journalist Freedom Contempt â€Å"The protection of a journalists source is of such vital importance for the exercise of his right to freedom of expression that it must, as a matter of course, never be allowed to be infringed upon, save perhaps in very exceptional circumstances† (Judge de Meyer, Goodwin v. UK, 1996). Consider whether section 10 of the Contempt of Court Act 1981, as judicially interpreted and applied, reflects the above position. This paper will look to effectively consider whether section 10 of the Contempt of Court Act 1981, as judicially interpreted and applied, reflects Justice Meyer’s view in Goodwin v. United Kingdom. Therefore, it will be necessary to outline what is meant by the ‘freedom of expression’ and section 10 of the Contempt of Court Act (‘CCA’) 1981, in the context of journalists and the protection of their sources, so as to determine their nature and scope. Then, following on this, it will be necessary to consider how the two interrelate and the problems with looking to recognise this relationship, before looking specifically at the decision in Goodwin v. United Kingdom, how the law has since developed, and how such matters have been dealt with in another jurisdiction, so as to effetively conclude upon this issue. Therefore, to begin with it is important to recognise the fact that, for any journalist, protecting the confidentiality of their sources is an integral part of their work because of the fact that they would be unable to carry out their jobs effectively without the trust of primary sources on the scene of some of the biggest news stories Accordingly, throughout the past two decades English courts have stressed the growing importance of freedom of expression and have become more willing to countenance the citation of authority from other jurisdictions Therefore, in some cases, English courts have even gone so far as to incorporate a statement of principle from First Amendment doctrine, as it is also widely understood the European human rights system generally supports journalists’ right to refuse to reveal their sources. This is effectively illustrated by the nature and scope of Article 10 of the European Convention on Human Rights (‘ECHR’) 1950 that was effectively codified into our domestic legal system by the enactment of the Human Rights Act 1998. Accordingly, in keeping with their membership of the European Community as a whole UK domestic law also offers some form of protection for journalists and their sources before a court of law under section 10 of the Contempt of Court Act (‘CCA’) 1981. However, whilst section 10 of the CCA 1981 codifies the idea that there is not a court in the country that can require someone to disclose the source of information that is contained in the publication that they are responsible for, and nor are they guilty for refusing to do so, unless it is effectively established that disclosure is necessary in the view of the courts in the given circumstances, it is important to recognise the fact that this provision may not be keeping with Justice Meyer’s aforementioned view. Moreover, as several journalists have recognised, journalists can only appeal against an order for disclosure if they are personally party to litigation and, where this is allied with section 14 of the same Act it would seem that domestic law in this area is particularly stringent. However, it must be stressed that neither the ECHR 1950 nor domestic law confers a right upon anyone to ‘broadcast time’, since Article 10 simply confers a right not to have access to public media denied on discriminatory, arbitrary, or unreasonable grounds. This view is effectively illustrated by the Privy Council decision in Benjamin v. Minister of Information Broadcasting where the court quashed the respondent’s decision to suspend Mr Benjamins phone-in programme on Anguillan radio. Therefore, the Privy Council held that although Mr Benjamin had no right to broadcast, he did have the right not to have his access denied on arbitrary and capricious grounds. As a result, it must also be recognised that, according to the courts in this country, the ‘necessity’ for any restriction on freedom of expression must be convincingly established, according to the decision in Sunday Times v. United Kingdom. This is because the court in this case was â€Å"faced †¦ with a principle of freedom of expression†, but â€Å"it is not sufficient that the interference involved belongs to that class of the exceptions listed in article 10(2) †¦ neither is it sufficient because its subject-matter fell within a particular category or was caught by a legal rule formulated in general or absolute terms†. Moreover, their has been some judicial discourse regarding what is meant by the limited circumstances proscribed in section 10 of the CCA 1981, where the courts may find journalists in contempt for looking to protect their sources, and as to whether this is a fair reflection of Article 10 of the ECHR 1950 by comparing the views of Lord Justice Schiemann in Camelot Group plc v. Centaur Communications Limited and Lord Justice Sedley in Financial Times Ltd v. Interbrew SA. This is effectively illustrated by the decision in Secretary of State for Defence v. Guardian Newspapers Ltd where Lord Diplock said, â€Å"exceptions include no reference to ‘the public interest’ generally and †¦ the expression ‘justice’ †¦ is †¦ in the technical sense of the administration of justice in the course of legal proceedings†. Therefore, ‘The Guardian’had to reveal the identity of Sarah Tisdall, a government employee who photocopied a document showing American cruise missiles due to arrive in England, who was jailed as a result. However, despite the fact that it was stated in the decision of Ashworth Security Hospital v. MGN Ltd that â€Å"there can be no doubt now that both section 10 and article 10 †¦ enhance the freedom of the press by protecting journalistic sources†, it is perhaps little wonder the European Court of Human Rights (‘ECtHR’) has ruled that a journalist has the right to protect confidential sources except in these narrowly-defined circumstances. This is because, under Article 10 of the European Convention on Human Rights (‘ECHR’) 1950, a journalist must reveal a confidential source â€Å"where vital public or individual interests [are] at stake†. But it is very difficult to prove when such circumstances will arise. This is because, specifically, in the decision of Goodwin v. United Kingdom, the journalist in this case (a William Goodwin) refused to reveal the confidential source of damaging information relating to a particular company Tetra – and the information supplied to Goodwin was found to have come from a draft secret corporate plan that had gone missing from the company so that Tetra suspected a disloyal employee or collaborator. As a result, the company in question alleged that the information was stolen and that its publication could damage the company’s reputation and future business prospects, so this meant that the domestic tribunals in the UK sided with the company, barring the publication of the information and ordering the journalist to reveal his source. However, the journalist refused and was held in contempt of court and fined  £5,000 under section 10 of the Contempt of Court Act 1981 that was upheld by the Court of Appeal and then the House of Lords. This meant the House of Lords specifically applied the principle expounded by Lord Reid in the decision of Norwich Pharmacal Co v. Customs Excise Commissioners when upholding the Court of Appeal’s decision that stated â€Å"if through no fault of his own a person gets mixed up in the tortious acts of others †¦ he †¦ comes under a duty to assist the person who has been wronged† But the journalist then looked to file a complaint with the European human rights system, arguing that his right to freedom of expression under the ECHR 1950 had been violated. Therefore, the ECtHR ruled the order to reveal the journalistic source and the fine imposed on the journalist for refusing to do so was incompatible with the ECHR 1950. Such a view was decided upon because the Court reasoned the â€Å"[p]rotection of journalistic sources is one of the basic conditions for press freedom† because â€Å"[w]ithout such protection, sources may be deterred from assisting the press in informing the public on matters of public interest†. This was supported by the fact that it was recognised in the decision of Goodwin v. United Kingdom that the â€Å"Protection of journalistic sources is one of the basic conditions for press freedom †¦ and is affirmed in several international instruments on journalistic freedoms† because otherwise â€Å"sources may be deterred from assisting the press†. Therefore, this would mean â€Å"the ability of the press to provide accurate and reliable information may be adversely affected† so that â€Å"source disclosure †¦ cannot be compatible with article 10 of the Convention unless it is justified by an overriding requirement in the public interest†. The decision followed on from that of the House of Lords in X Ltd v. Morgan-Grampian (Publishers) Ltd so that Lord Bridge of Harwich echoed their consensus as they indicated how the approach to be adopted to section 10 of the CCA 1981 involved very much the same balancing exercise as is involved in applying Article 10 of the ECHR 1950. Lord Bridge reasoned that as to â€Å"whether disclosure is necessary in the interests of justice gives rise to a more difficult problem of weighing one public interest against another† and so, when commenting on Lord Diplock’s dictum in Secretary of State for Defence v Guardian Newspapers Ltd, â€Å"to construe ‘justice’ as the antonym of ‘injustice’ in section 10 would be far too wide. But to confine it to ‘the technical sense of the administration of justice †¦ seems †¦ too narrow† Therefore, people â€Å"should be enabled to exercise important legal rights and to protect themselves from serious legal wrongs†. This means it â€Å"will not be sufficient †¦ to show merely that he will be unable without disclosure to exercise the legal right or avert the threatened legal wrong on which he bases his claim†. As a result, â€Å"the judge’s task will always be to weigh †¦ the importance of enabling the ends of justice to be attained in the circumstances of the particular case †¦ against the importance of protecting the source†. However, the House of Lords decision in Reynolds v. Times Newspapers altered the approach to qualified privilege because it established common law qualified privilege could apply to media publications and traditional duty and interest requirements could be satisfied by media publications so that publishers had no defence even if they were not careless or published the material to serve a general public interest. Therefore, with a generic approach, all such media publications would be protected unless claimants proved malice so that this means that, under the influence of the ECHR 1950, journalists’ confidential sources are accorded very strong protection in England, which makes it extremely difficult to prove malice. Moreover, a generic approach was rejected because its scope would be too narrow Instead, the House of Lords concluded common law qualified privilege should focus on the publication’s public interest qualities Similarly in the more recent decision of Ashworth Security Hospital v. MGN Ltd it was decided that the â€Å"care of patients at Ashworth is fraught with difficulty and danger† and â€Å"The disclosure of the patients’ records increases that difficulty†. This is because the court had had to decide whether to order disclosure of the identity of a hospital employee who had supplied confidential medical records on the Moors murderer Ian Brady to the Daily Mirror’s investigations editor. Accordingly â€Å"The source’s disclosure was wholly inconsistent with the security of the records and the disclosure was made worse because it was purchased by a cash payment†. As a result the court took a strict line with this decision because of the risk of further confidential information being disclosed for profit, supported by the earlier decision in Interbrew v. Financial Times Ltd Others. Nevertheless, in looking to compare these decisions with another jurisdiction, it is interesting to consider the fact that when Turkey attempted to justify its interference with journalists’ rights to freedom of expression on national security grounds, the ECtHR resolved the journalist’s complaints against the State in its decision in the case of Halis v. Turkey In this case the Turkish government imprisoned a journalist for publishing a book review that looked to express positive opinions about aspects of the Kurdish separatist movement. Therefore, the journalist was convicted domestically for violating the provisions of the Turkish Prevention of Terrorism Act 1991 through the dissemination of propaganda about an illegal separatist terrorist organisation. As a result, when the journalist filed a complaint with the ECtHR, the State defended that its restriction was necessary to protect national security. Accordingly, the ECtHR found that the restriction in these circumstances was made pursuant to Turkish law and that the sensitive security situation and the use of violence by a separatist movement in Turkey and the measures taken by the government had the legitimate aim of protecting national security and public safety. But the ECtHR found that the conviction and suspended sentence of the journalist was not necessary in a democratic society and that it violated the journalist’s right to freedom of expression. Similarly, in Sener v. Turkey, the owner and editor of a weekly Turkish paper was convicted of ‘disseminat[ing] propaganda against the State’ for publishing an article that referred to the military attacks on the Kurdish population as genocide, when Turkey again defended its interference with freedom of speech on national security grounds, and the ECtHRs held that the State had once again violated the applicant’s right to freedom of expression. Moreover, in the more recent decision of Dammann v. Switzerland, it was held that there had been a violation of Article 10 of the ECHR 1950 when a journalist had been prosecuted and fined for inciting a civil servant to disclose an official secret. The case arose because of the fact that the journalist had asked an administrative assistant to tell him whether a list of suspects of a recent robbery had any previous criminal convictions and she had supplied that information in breach of official secrecy law. Therefore, with this in mind, the Court held that the journalist’s source could be protected because the information supplied was a matter of great public interest and debate and the information in question could have been obtained by other means, such as through consulting law reports or press records. Similarly, the Irish Constitution has always recognised the freedom of expression because of the fact that, after centuries of British rule ended in 1921, the new Irish state chose to draft its own written constitution. Therefore, with this in mind, the current Irish constitution has recognised the right to freedom of expression and also calls for the country’s authorities to prevent the media from undermining public order or morality, whilst also preserving the medias right of liberty of expression. But, in spite of this codification, Irish journalists and law reformers understand that defamation decisions including Campbell-Sharp v. Independent Newspapers (IRE) Ltd have seriously impeded this right so that freedom of the press is seriously restricted. This is because of the fact that liability costs have discouraged investigative journalism and activists in this area have sought parity with the other jurisdictions under Article 10 of the ECHR 1950 in practice as well as in statute. In conclusion, this means that in looking to effectively consider whether section 10 of the Contempt of Court Act 1981, as judicially interpreted and applied, reflects Justice Meyer’s aforementioned view in Goodwin v. United Kingdom, it is clear that, whilst there is little doubt this provision provides the courts with an important protocol to protect journalists’ sources, section 10 does not give unequivocal reinforcement to journalists’ professional duty of confidentiality so that, worryingly, it is not just in exceptional cases that the statute’s protection is being overturned. However, whilst in view of the nature and scope of many of the more recent decisions, since that found in Goodwin v. United Kingdom, where the domestic courts have ordered disclosure, journalists still largely place their obligations towards their sources above anything to the court and the administration of justice under section 10 of the CCA 1981. This is because, in such circles, the freedom of expression under Article 10 of the ECHR 1950 is considered paramount and, as was the case in Goodwin v. United Kingdom, the matter can always be referred to the ECtHR for judgment should the domestic courts prove unduly restrictive. However, with this in mind, whilst one can only speculate what may be decided in cases like Ashworth Security Hospital v. MGN Ltd, it would appear, that specifically in this case, this might appear to fall within one of the exceptions provided by Article 10(2) of the ECHR 1950 – namely, â€Å"for preventing the disclosure of information received in confidence†. Therefore, section 10 of the CCA 1981 appears quite reflective of Justice Meyer’s aforementioned view because of the limited circumstances where it has been infringed upon in domestic law before and after the decision in Goodwin v. United Kingdom. But, on the basis of the decisions in Turkey, Switzerland and Ireland, by way of comparison, it is all too clear that even where one of the exceptions under Article 10(2) of the ECHR 1950 is cited, it must be proved to the ECtHR satisfaction otherwise it will still apply. This is because such a view arises from the fact that since, as we have already recognised, the European Court of Human Rights has categorically stated that the right to freedom of expression must be guaranteed not only for information and ideas that are favourably received, but also for those that shock the State Therefore, it must be recognised that the right to freedom of expression would be nonexistent if only statements acceptable to the government, and the majority, were allowed to be expressed so that all facts and opinions must be permitted, provided that they are not specifically restricted by the governing treaty. Bibliography Frazier. S ‘Liberty of Expression in Ireland the Need for a Constitutional Law of Defamation’ (1999) 32(2) Vanderbilt Journal of Transnational Law 391 Gordon. R. S, Ward. T Eicke. T ‘The Strasbourg Case Law: Leading Cases from the European Human Rights Reports’ Sweet Maxwell (2001) Hare. I ‘English Lessons in Comparative Public Law: Will the First Amendment have the Last Word?’ (2000) 10 Trinity Law Review 29 Hare. I ‘Method Objectivity in Free Speech Adjudication: Lessons From America’ (2005) 54(1) ICLQ 49 Moncrieff. M ‘No names†¦ unless the court decides otherwise’ The Guardian (08/04/02) (http://www.guardian.co.uk/media/2002/apr/08/mondaymediasection4) Pasqualucci. J. M ‘Criminal Defamation the Evolution of the Doctrine of Freedom of Expression in International Law: Comparative Jurisprudence of the Inter-American Court of Human Rights’ (2006) 29(2) Vanderbilt Journal of Transnational Law 379 Soames. M ‘Privilege, yes, but it is to protect the public’ The Times (26/07/05) (http://www.timesonline.co.uk/article/0,,8163-1705639,00.html) Weaver. R. L, Kenyon. A. T, Partlett. D. F Walker. C. P ‘Defamation Law Free Speech: Reynolds V. Times Newspapers and the English Media’ (2004) 37(5) Vanderbilt Journal of Transnational Law 1255 Table of Cases Ashworth Security Hospital v. MGN Ltd [2002] UKHL 29 Benjamin v. Minister of Information Broadcasting [2001] 1 WLR 1040 Camelot Group plc v. Centaur Communications Limited [1999] QB 124 Campbell-Sharp v. Independent Newspapers (IRE) Ltd No. 5557 (Ir. H. Ct. May 6, 1997) Dammann v. Switzerland (Application No. 77551/01) ECtHR 2 May 2006 Derbyshire County Council v. Times Newspapers Ltd [1993] AC 534 Fernando v. Sri Lanka Broadcasting Corporation (1996) 1 BHRC 104 Financial Times Ltd v Interbrew SA [2002] EWCA Civ 274 Goodwin v. United Kingdom (1996) 22 EHRR 123 Halis v. Turkey [2005] ECtHR 3 Interbrew v. Financial Times Ltd Others [2002] 1 Lloyds Rep 542 Jersild  v.  Denmarkjudgment  of 23rd September  1994,  Series  A  no.  298 Norwich Pharmacal Co v. Customs Excise Commissioners [1974] AC 133 R v. British Broadcasting Corporation, ex parte ProLife Alliance [2004] 1 AC 185 Reynolds v. Times Newspapers [2001] 2 AC 127 Scharsach News Verlagsgesellschaft v. Austria (2003) ECtHR 596 Secretary of State for Defence v Guardian Newspapers Ltd [1985] AC 339 Sener v. Turkey [2000] ECtHR 377 Sunday Times v. United Kingdom (1979) 2 EHRR 245 X Ltd v. Morgan-Grampian (Publishers) Ltd [1991] 1 AC 1 Table of Statutes Bunreacht na hEireann 1921 (as amended) Contempt of Court Act 1981 European Convention on Human Rights 1950 Human Rights Act 1998 Turkish Prevention of Terrorism Act 1991

Great Expectations Illustrates the danger of seeing status and money as the most worthwhile aims in life

Charles Dickens' Great Expectations is not so uncomplicated as to suggest that wealth is a destructive force. Instead it attempts to highlight the apparent dangers associated with becoming preoccupied with money and social status. In Pip, the book's chief protagonist, Dickens presents us with a character that misguidedly follows these ideals in a journey of self delusion. The abandonment of his childhood father figure -Joe – and his earlier virtues of decency and compassion are the consequences of his misconception that with wealth will come ‘gentility'. Dickens' underlying message is that wealth and class are superficial, failing to give any indication of a person's quality or true gentility. This being said, it must be understood that Dickens' aim is not to condemn wealth and social ‘niceties' such as good manners and a formal education, instead it is those who worship these false ideals and become preoccupied with them that are criticized. In characters such as Herbert and Mathew Pocket and, to an extent, Wemmick and Jaggers, we are presented with benevolent and harmless forms of class and privilege. Yet juxtaposed against this we have Pumblechook, Magwitch and Pip. Failing to realize what truly counts, these characters delude themselves into believing that by assuming the outward trappings of gentility they will become gentlemen. However, by making wealth and status their most worthwhile aims, they succeed only in becoming grotesque and quite repugnant. The dangers involved with such illusions include pretentiousness, wasteful lifestyles and an inability to appreciate true and noble ‘gentility'. These become most apparent in Pip as his wealth gives him the illusion of greatness without the substance. He changes from the innocent blacksmith's assistant to the humbug ‘gentleman to be'. At times his pretentiousness is unbearable, its absurdity highlighted in the quote â€Å"The (servant) was ordered to be on duty at eight on Tuesday morning in the hall (it was two feet square)†. He is so lost in his fixation with wealth and class that he treats Joe and Biddy – his childhood mentors – patronizingly and with contempt; â€Å"If I could have kept (Joe) away by paying him money I certainly would have.† This leads him to turn his back on these noble characters, removing their wisdom and decency from his life, leaving him only with his wasteful and highly pretentious lifestyle. At one stage Pip himself admits â€Å"(the effect of my expectations) influenced my own character, I disguised from my recognition as much as possible, but I knew very well that it was not all good.† In highlighting these dangers, Dickens preaches that social status and external appearances are doubtful measures of a person's true quality. Pip's journey clearly exemplifies this message, being most repugnant at the hight of his expectations yet being most worthy when he has lost everything. Supposed gentlemen such as Pumblechook, Drummle and Compeyson who mock the false surface of gentility but are really hideous and unworthy characters are further variations on this theme. However, it is Estella, Miss Havisham and the world of Satis house that are best used in the attack against the simple-minded notion that money and status are a guide to ‘quality'. The lovely Estella charms Pip with her beauty, yet as she herself admits â€Å"I have no heart† and is incapable of love. Miss Havisham and her attractive Satis house have the showings of happiness and glamour. The truth is, however, that she has been eaten away by bitterness in a house that is â€Å"strange† and does not permit love. Therefore, Dickens strongly argues that external appearances fail to count for what lies beneath. Instead Dickens holds up truly noble characters such as Joe, Biddy, Wemmick and Clara, who understand the importance of compassion and fellow feeling, for our admiration. He attempts to show the reader that these are the values that should be made the most worthwhile aims of life. His protagonist finally comes to this realization at the conclusion of the novel, as he appreciates the true gentility of Joe as a â€Å"good Christian man†. By making these characters the moral centre of the book Dickens is able to highlight the greater importance of such values over wealth in determining the quality of a person. Even the ‘darker' characters of the book such as Miss Havisham and Mrs Joe are able to understand this (though it comes far too late), with Miss Havisham asking for Pip's forgiveness â€Å"Prey if you could ever right under my name ‘I forgive her' †¦ prey do it.† and Mrs Joe's final words â€Å"Joe†¦Pardon†¦Pip.† Clearly the moral of the novel is based on the importance of love and compassion over wealth and class. Dickens, therefore, argues that money and social status fail to act as indicators of a persons true worth. Instead it is values such as compassion and the ability to love that define their gentility. Although Pip in his journey misguidedly believes that his re-invention would lead to bettering himself, he is eventually able to realize what truly counts are the virtues of love, compassion and decency.

Education Is Not Preparation For Life - 980 Words

John Dewey once said â€Å"Education is not preparation for life; Education is life itself. Meaning that learning is an active process that should occur to enhance one s living and understanding thereof. When one only views education as a temporary thing they miss the big picture , and fail to grasp the what life truly is. Paulo Freire believes in having the opportunity to discover for oneself all that the world has to offer with the slight guidance from a teacher. He also says that â€Å"Education must begin with the solution of the teacher-student contradiction, by recoiling the poles of the contradiction so that both are simultaneously teachers and students.† Freire introduces the idea that we can and should all learn from each other, that no one person is ever higher in the world of education. We all have a unique perspective and take on things, and teachers should allow us to discover and interpret for ourselves. Opposed to Freire s view is the opinion that teachers should teach and students should simply absorb what they are being told. They should listen and soak up as much knowledge as possible but not question what they are learning. Many times teachers are able to get through more material this way, and some would argue this makes us smarter as students. I myself have experienced this way of learning in my AP Biology classroom last year.The course was very rigorous and we did not have time to â€Å"problem pose†, but rather had to take notes and hope to soak upShow MoreRelatedEducation Is Not Preparation For Life998 Words   |  4 PagesJohn Dewey once said, â€Å"Education is not preparation for life; education is life itself. He is conveying the idea that learning is an active process, that should occur to enhance one s living and understanding thereof. When one only views education as a temporary matter, that person misses the big picture and fails to grasp what life genuin ely is. Paulo Freire believes in having the opportunity to discover for oneself all that the world has to offer, with the slight guidance from a teacher. HeRead MoreEducation Is Not Preparation For Life1350 Words   |  6 Pagesâ€Å"Education is not preparation for life; education is life itself.† If one accepts the quote by John Dewey to be true, then depriving someone of their education is depriving them of their life. Throughout the centuries, human beings have sought educational freedom. The United States of America has become a symbol for all who seek life, or education rather. Millions of people come to the United States, from less privileged countries, each year in hopes for a better education that is coupled with aRead MoreEducation Is Not Preparation For Life1155 Words   |  5 Pagesâ€Å"Education is not preparation for life; Education is life for itself.† These are the words of John Dewey, which have led an everlasting impression on my mind. 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Homelessness And Poverty And Homelessness - 1699 Words

Imagine a world where it is illegal to sit down. Could you survive if there were no place you were allowed to fall asleep, to store your belongings, or to stand still? For most of us, these scenarios seem unrealistic to the point of being ludicrous. But, for homeless people across America, these circumstances are an ordinary part of life. (National Law Center on Homelessness and Poverty 7) While a portion of today’s society turns a blind eye to the subject of the criminalization of homelessness, an even larger quantity of people are not aware of the situation that is happening in every major city of America. For those living an affluent lifestyle, it can be difficult to discuss the amount of poverty and homelessness that is constantly occurring. The definition and meaning behind the absence of home is also arduous to discuss. While homelessness is commonly associated with sleeping outside or in provisional areas, this word also identifies with an absence of belonging. 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Additionally, an approximated 3.5 million individuals are at risk of e xperiencing temporary homelessness at a certain point in a particular year with some 1.35 million children based on the report by the National Law Center on Homelessness and Poverty (Aratani). In 2005, 50 percent of the cities in the US were surveyedRead MoreThe Problem Of Poverty Of Homelessness950 Words   |  4 PagesPoverty WHAT I ALREADY KNOW/WHY THIS TOPIC Down my building street, a homeless lives there. I always wonder what brought him here. What was his previous occupation before living down the street and annoying everyone else. Questions started to rise. Are they really homeless? poor? or faking it up to attract people’s attention? I had an experience that made these questions rise weirdly. One day, I was sitting in Starbucks, located in Cary street beside Chili’s and I saw the homeless that howl besideRead MoreHomelessness : Difficulty Escaping Poverty1321 Words   |  6 PagesArjan Singh Mrs. Woolcock English IV-CP May 19 2016 Homelessness: Difficulty Escaping Poverty A homeless person is someone who lacks housing, including an individual who lives in a supervised public or private facility (What Is the Official Definition of Homelessness?). Being homeless means not having a place to call home, not having a stable income. It is not just individuals that can be homeless. There are millions of families living in poverty and on the streets all around the world, contrary to